Before the Meiji Restoration, most Japanese people did not have a family name. Disgruntled samurai participated in several rebellions against the government, the most famous being led by the former restoration hero Saigō Takamori of Satsuma. The emperor, though nominally Japan's ruler, had little influence on the government. The new Meiji government made it compulsory for everyone to choose a surname, using only authorised kanji (Chinese characters). Ito ended his career as resident general in Korea from 1905 to 1909. The first railroad was built in 1872, and by 1890 the country had more than 1,400 miles (2,250 km) of rail. (April 9, 2021). In 1881, backed by other officials from Satsuma and Choshu, he succeeded in forcing Okuma out of office. Among those were: The Meiji period that followed the Restoration was an era of major political, economic, and social change in Japan. One of the “Meiji Six” was the man originally named Hayashi Risuke (林利助, October 16, 1841–October 26, 1909), from the then-dissident Choshu Domain, became Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文) as his line—he and his father—were adopted by Mizui Buhei who was in turn adopted by Itō Yaemon. See also Fujiwara family; Hōjō family; Itō Hirobumi; Yamagata Aritomo. ?, October 16, 1841 - October 26, 1909, born Hayashi Risuke and also known as Hirofumi, Hakubun and briefly during his youth It? Shunsuke) was a Japanese statesman and genr?. Prince Itō Hirobumi was a Japanese statesman and genrō. By the early 20th century, the goals of the Meiji Restoration had been largely accomplished. □. Returning to Japan in 1871, he established Japan's taxation system. Such was the case in the development of a modern educational system that, though influenced by Western theory and practice, stressed the traditional values of samurai loyalty and social harmony. Only the nobles, samurai and some merchants and artisans did. Mutsuhito It included Great Britain to loose all of their extraterritorial rights in Japan, for it portrayed Japan to be a country to not have a strong and enforcing government. . He returned home convinced that Western civilisation was the only viable path for Japan. At first an advocate of "transcendental government," free from control by the parties in the lower house of the Diet, he gradually realized that, to make the constitution work, compromise with the parties would be necessary. The mission lasted approximately two years, and its members made a circuit of the United States, Britain, France, Russia, and other European countries. Meeting of Russian and Japanese generals during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) to discuss terms of the Russian surrender of Port Arthur (present-day Lüshun, China). ." He favored making Korea a Japanese protectorate and encouraging it to undertake a policy of internal reform and Westernization like the one Japan itself had pursued. Hirobumi Ito (1841-1909) was a Japanese statesman and one of the younger leaders of the Meiji government. English Language English, Japanese. Those uprisings were repressed only with great difficulty by the newly formed army. The title To Stand with the Nations of the World, is taken from a speech given in 1871 by Itō Hirobumi which articulated a view of the Meiji Restoration as a modernising revolution, showing how immediately the processes of forgetting and reinterpreting began. 1 Early Life 2 Political Career 2.1 Prime Minister of Japan 2.2 Resident-General of Japan 2.3 Assassination Attempt 3 Japanese-Korean Union Treaty 4 Later Career 5 Death 6 Legacy Itō was born as the son of Hayashi Juzo. He spent most of his time in Berlin and Vienna, learning the technical details and theoretical justification of the German constitutional system. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. World Encyclopedia. Ito Hirobumi’s early career ." Ito advocated reaching a diplomatic settlement with Russia, offering the Russians paramount control in Manchuria in return for Japanese paramount control in Korea. In 1864 he received news of Western intentions to send an expedition against Choshu, which had defied the treaties signed by the bakufu. After their British sojourn, Inoue Kaoru and Itō Hirobumi rose within the Chōshū political system. Itō Hirobumi, was the most important person in the Meiji government, but where were the other high officials learning off Western Constitution scholars within the years of 1882-83? He feared the effects of a more aggressive policy on the attitude of the foreign powers toward the question of treaty revision. The three major sources of Western music in Japan were the church, the schools, and the military.…. Encyclopedia.com. ? Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government)—thus ending the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867)—and, at least nominally, returned control of the country to direct imperial rule under Mutsuhito (the emperor Meiji). All feudal class privileges were abolished as well. It is based largely on his complete works, official papers, and reminiscences. Itō Hirobumi - Wikipedia. During the 1870s and 1880s he favored compromise with China with respect to the Korea problem. 2021 . This is a list of Prime Ministers of Japan, including those of the Empire of Japan, from when the first Japanese prime minister (in the modern sense), Itō Hirobumi, took office in 1885, until the present day. In 1863, under orders from the lord of Choshu, he sailed for Europe and stayed for nearly a year in London, studying the West at firsthand. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). In virtual isolation from the world since about 1600, a medieval Japan was persuaded by the threat of force by Commodore Matthew C. Perry to open its doors to the West in a series of consular treaties. The early goals of the new government were expressed in the Charter Oath (April 1868). Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. 71 likes. His former house is preserved as a museum near the Shōin Jinja, in Hagi city, Yamaguchi prefecture. Economic and social changes paralleled the political transformation of the Meiji period. ." In 1885 a cabinet system was formed, and in 1886 work on the constitution began. Itō Hirobumi. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Itō was assassinated by Korean nationalist An Jung-geun. As one of the younger members of the new imperial government, Ito had a hand in a wide variety of reforms, including the establishment of a decimal system of currency, the building of a mint at Osaka, the establishment of a banking system, and the building of an internal communication system of telegraphs, railroads, and light-houses. Itō Hirobumi was a Japanese elder statesman (genro) and premier, who played a crucial role in building modern Japan. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The genro were men who had played a leading role in the 1868 Meiji Restoration. The only English-language biography of Ito is Kengi Hamada, Prince Ito (1936). Itō Hirobumi. Itō Hirobumi, Inoue Kaoru, Inoue Masaru, Endō Kinsuke, and Yamao Yōzō would go on to become leaders of politics and industry in Meiji Japan. The same tendency prevailed in art and literature, where Western styles were first imitated, and then a more-selective blending of Western and Japanese tastes was achieved. Itō Hirobumi, Japanese elder statesman (genro) and premier (1885–88, 1892–96, 1898, 1900–01), who played a crucial role in building modern Japan. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Leben. The reforms enacted during the Meiji emperor’s rule brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country and paved the way for Japan to become a major international power. Like many of Yoshida's students, Ito became an ardent imperialist loyalist. Empire of Japan100% (1/1) JapaneseJapanImperial Japan. Omissions? Saved by Andrew McCaffrey. ." Meiji Restoration. Retrieved April 09, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ito-hirobumi. died Oct. 26, 1909, Harbin, Manchuria, China. Itō Hirobumi was one of the best and most prominent Japanese prime ministers (he was the first Prime Minister of Japan) and the founding father of the modern-day Japan - Genrō. The idea of making Japan a constitutional monarchy came to him on this trip. The main leaders of this were Itō Hirobumi, Matsukata Masayoshi, Kido Takayoshi, Itagaki Taisuke, Yamagata Aritomo, Mori Arinori, Ōkubo Toshimichi, and Yamaguchi Naoyoshi. Mizui Jūzō took the name Itō Jūzō, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed to Itō Shunsuke at first, then Itō Hirobumi. After the Meiji Restoration, Itō was appointed governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, and sent to the United States in 1870 to study Western currency systems. His father Hayashi Jūzō was the adopted son of Mizui Buhei who was an adopted son of Itō Yaemon's family, a lower-ranked samurai from Hagi in Chōshū Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture).Mizui Buhei was renamed Itō Naoemon. Retrieved April 09, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/hirobumi-ito. 6,535 Likes, 70 Comments - D (@d_japanese) on Instagram: “ㅤㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ October 13 〜 19 Who is Mr. Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文, 16 October 1841 – 26 October 1909, born…” Saigō Takamori, leader of a major revolt against the Meiji government in the 1870s. He played a minor role in the events leading to the Meiji Restoration (1868), the movement that overthrew the shogunate and reestablished the formal ruling authority of the emperor. Along with Itō Hirobumi, Yamao Yōzō established the Ministry of Public Works following the indications of Edmund Morel, who was chief engineer in charge of Japan’s railroad development. He resisted demands from Tokyo for annexation but at the same time attempted to suppress separatist movements within Korea. ." Itō is also famous for being the person who had chosen the commission which made the Meiji Constitution. . In addition, the new government carried out policies to unify the monetary and tax systems, with the agricultural tax reform of 1873 providing its primary source of revenue. Drafted by Itō Hirobumi, a group of other government leaders, and several Western legal scholars, the document was bestowed on the Japanese people by the Emperor Meiji and established Japan as a constitutional monarchy with a parliament (called the Diet), the lower house of … By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Three outstanding heroes in the restoration") is a term used in Japan for three figures that played an important role in the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and are regarded as the founders of the modern state of Japan.The Three Great Nobles were: Ōkubo Toshimichi of the Satsuma Domain (Satsuma-han) Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Itō became a powerful intellectual and political force behind reforms of Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Ito Hirobumi’s early career The shogunate's meek accession to Western demands precipitated a nationalistic reaction, the overthrow of the bakufu, and the restoration of the governing power to the emperor. A short sketch of his life is in James A. The restoration event itself consisted of a coup d’état in the ancient imperial capital of Kyōto on January 3, 1868. As the heir of a noble family, Saionji participated in politics from an early age and was known for his brilliant talent. Emperor Meiji was 15 years old when he became Japan's ruler. Yōzō returned to Japan soon after the Meiji Restoration took place, and joined the new government. Nov 5, 2012 - Japanese History - Prince Itō Hirobumi, GCB (伊藤 博文, 16 October 1841 – 26 October 1909, also called Hirofumi/Hakubun and Shunsuke in his youth) was a samurai of Chōshū domain, Japanese statesman, four time Prime Minister of Japan (the 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th), genrō and Resident-General of Korea. Uniform Title Itō Hirobumi. Itō Hirobumi - Japan's First Prime Minister and Father of the Meiji Constitution (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia) Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. One of the “Meiji Six” was the man originally named Hayashi Risuke (林利助, October 16, 1841–October 26, 1909), from the then-dissident Choshu Domain, became Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文) as his line—he and his father—were adopted by Mizui Buhei who was in turn adopted by Itō Yaemon. (1841–1909) The preeminent Japanese statesman of the Meiji period, Hirobumi Itō served as prime minister on four occasions (1885–1888, 1892–1896, 1898, 1900–1901). You Save 12%. Itō Hirobumi, one of the principal authors of the Meiji constitution, intended the new kazoku peerage to serve as a political and social bulwark for the "restored" emperor and the Japanese imperial institution. Chiefly English with some Japanese. Finally in 1889 the Meiji Constitution, presented as a gift from the emperor to the people, was officially promulgated. The leaders of the restoration were mostly young samurai from feudal domains (hans) historically hostile to Tokugawa authority, notably Chōshū, in far western Honshu, and Satsuma, in southern Kyushu. Ito studied at the private academy of Shoin Yoshida, a fierce advocate of loyalty to the emperor and a critic of the weak response of the bakufuto the West. Itō Hirobumi was the adopted son of a samurai from the Principality of Chōsh ... After the Meiji Restoration, Itō was the first governor of Hyōgo from 1868 to 1869 , and in 1871 one of the high-ranking participants in the Iwakura mission. Meiji period political life. He helped draft the Meiji constitution (1889) and brought about the establishment of a bicameral national Diet (1890). Looking to the West for inspiration, Itō rejected the United States Constitution as too liberal and the Spanish Restoration as too despotic. In foreign affairs Ito favored a policy of diplomatic caution backed by military strength. It included Great Britain to loose all of their extraterritorial rights in Japan, for it portrayed Japan to be a country to not have a strong and enforcing government. The effort proved only partly successful, and Ito resigned from presidency of the party in 1903 to become president of the Privy Council. He helped the restoration of … (April 9, 2021). The revolutionary changes carried out by restoration leaders, who acted in the name of the emperor, faced increasing opposition by the mid-1870s. The perpetrators announced the ouster of Tokugawa Yoshinobu (the last shogun)—who by late 1867 was no longer effectively in power—and proclaimed the young emperor to be the ruler of the Japan. The Meiji Restoration was a coup d’état that resulted in the dissolution of Japan’s feudal system of government and the restoration of the imperial system. . Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. He helped draft the Meiji constitution (1889) and brought about the establishment of a bicameral national Diet (1890). "Three outstanding heroes in the restoration") is a term used in Japan for three figures that played an important role in the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and are regarded as the founders of the modern state of Japan.The Three Great Nobles were: Ōkubo Toshimichi of the Satsuma Domain (Satsuma-han) Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Encyclopedia of World Biography.

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