The follicles are variable in size and contain occasional plasma cells, however, follicular dendritic cells are absent since B and T cells are required for the development of these cells (Custer et al., 1985; Seymour et al., 2006). F = follicle, RP = red pulp. Find out about Lean Library here, If you have access to journal via a society or associations, read the instructions below. The spleen is also the largest secondary lymphoid organ containing about one-fourth of the body’s lymphocytes and initiates immune responses to blood-borne antigens (Kuper et al., 2002; Nolte et al., 2002; Balogh et al., 2004). Lean Library can solve it. Shotgun Histology Spleen; Search Go Histology Guide; Lymphoid; Spleen; Lymphoid: Spleen. Five to seven arterial vessels accompanied by nerves reach the spleen at the hilus and enter the organ through the trabeculae. A profusion of capillaries is present in both periarterial lymphatic sheaths and lymphatic nodules, arranged as bifurcating systems (rather than anastomosing networks) terminating in the marginal sinus (MS) and marginal zone (MZ). F344/N rat, male, 12 weeks old. -. 5_ Macrophages demonstrated with nonspecific esterase enzyme histochemistry after P. chabaudi AS infection. Mouse models of disease are used extensively in biomedical research with many hundreds of new models being generated each year. This study provides a theoretical study of the mechanism of spleen development. Relative to the mouse spleen, the rat spleen has a larger andmore uniform marginal zone (MZ) and a more pronounced marginal sinus region (MS). SUMMARY Shotgun Histology Spleen; Search Go. A Practical Guide to the Histology of the Mouse provides a full-colour atlas of mouse histology. humans - circulation is open, no connection from capillaries to sinuses in the red pulp. The ratio of splenic weight to body weight remains fairly constant regardless of age and, in rats, is typically around 0.2% (Losco, 1992). In dogs, it branches into as many as 25 smaller branches prior to entry into the spleen (HoganEsch and Hahn, 2001), while in the rat, there are as many as eight branches (Satodate et al., 1986). Finally, we describe how understanding the physiology of compensation can be translated to applications for early assessment of the clinical status and accurate triage of hypovolemic and hypotensive patients. The spleen in fetal life is a site for blood formation (hematopoiesis). Blood flow through the spleen is rather complex, but is an important and sometimes controversial concept. T-lymphocytes are born in the bone-marrow and matured in the . There are three types of T-cell, T-cells, regulatory and suppressor T-cells. The reticular cells are considered to be myofibroblasts and may play a role in splenic contraction (Saito et al., 1988). The results of the tissue section and H&E staining showed that the spleen microstructure of Ednrbm1yzcm mice was abnormal. MS = marginal sinus, A = central artery. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the staffs of Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., Experimental Pathology Laboratories Inc., and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences with preparation of photographs included in this paper and the helpful comments from Dr Jerrold Ward. The arterial tree is surrounded by white pulp immediately upon entering at the hilus, and relatively few arterioles extend into red pulp. Follicles may contain germinal centers, which form upon antigenic stimulation, that stain less intensely due to the presence of fewer cells and contain tingible body macrophages and apoptotic B-cells. Results of the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that in Ednrbm1yzcm mice, upregulated genes were significantly enriched in the Hippo signaling pathway, this pathway inhibits cell growth and modulates organs size and volume; and down-regulation of immune functionally associated pathways such as cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway. It is also a storage site for iron, erythrocytes, and platelets. In fact, iron pigments (i.e., hemosiderin and ferritin) are the most common pigments in the macrophages of the red pulp (Losco, 1992). Hematopoietic tissue is more prevalent in the red pulp (RP) of the mouse. Primary or direct effects on hematopoietic cells occur as with myeloid hyperplasia in response to lithium; secondary or indirect effects are because of toxic injury to a major organ system. A major focus of immunotoxicology is the detection and evaluation of undesired effects of substances on the immune system by conducting toxicity tests in rodents. In humans, arterioles and sheathed capillaries in the red pulp are surrounded by lymphocytes, especially by B cells. There are two types of lymphocyte called B- and -lymphocytes. Extra medullary hematopoiesis tends to be decreased in adult animals, but can increase in any animal when there is increased demand for these cells as in cases of anemia, inflammation, decreased production by the bone marrow, or in cases of neoplasia (Losco, 1992). Like the thymus, it only has efferent lymph vessels, which leave … The larger venous sinuses of the rat spleen are far more conspicuous than those of the mouse spleen. As the central arterioles continue, the white pulp wanes and they become the penicillar arteries surrounded by red pulp. Collagen (Autofluorescence); Macrophages (eGFP) Image courtesy of Jacquelin Walisser, Bradfield Lab and Lance Rodenkirch at W.M Keck Laboratory for Biological Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison SMPH. For more information on the ultrastructure of the red pulp, see Saito et al. Together with the lymph nodes it forms the major components of the mononuclear-phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system). 5.—White Pulp. Conclusion: Histology Guide - a virtual histology laboratory with zoomable images of microscope slides and electron micrographs. Figure 45 (A) This spleen from a mid-dose female B6C3F1 mouse in the citral cancer bioassay was diagnosed as a lymphosarcoma (see Figure 41I). In this article, we begin with applying dimensional analysis for comparison of animal models, and progress to descriptions of various physiological consequences of hemorrhage. Spleen weights increased up to the fifteenth day of … The effect of pregnancy on lymph node weight in the mouse J Immunogenet. Splenic Necrosis/Infarct: Splenic infarcts are not com-mon but can occur secondary to vascular obstruction (Figure 27), trauma (Figure 28), or neoplasms. (right). CRIP1 expression in splenic monocytes/macrophages and in circulating monocytes was significantly affected by angiotensin II (Ang II) in a BP-elevating dose (2 mg/kg/day). These give rise to the arterial capillaries, which terminate in the reticular meshwork of the red pulp in rodents (open circulation; Mebius and Kraal, 2005). Moreover, the lot-to-lot consistency of the enzymes and automation of the mechanical dissociation step ensure reproducible … For more information view the SAGE Journals Article Sharing page. In a similar manner, a direct toxic effect on erythropoiesis by heavy metals may result in anemia, whereas anoxia of various causes may have the indirect result of causing erythrocytosis. Figure 3 B6C3F1 mouse, female, 20 weeks old (left) and F344/N rat, male, 12 weeks old. A trabeculus arises from the capsule and enters the red pulp. The adult spleen has 2 main functions: immune, as a major site of antigen presentatio… In functional in vitro studies, a blockade of CD112 modulated endothelial cell migration and significantly enhanced endothelial tube formation. concentration of toxic saponins. An intravenous mouse infection model was used to compare the virulence of Enterococcus faecalis strains, to study bacterial localization and organ histopathology, and to examine the effects of Nramp1 and gamma interferon (IFN-) on the course of infection. This area is, however, absent in human spleen. The outer ring of the marginal sinus is composed of marginal zone macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and reticular cells and blends with the red pulp (RP). The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. Some of these terminate in the marginal sinus at the junction of the white pulp and the marginal zone, others terminate within the marginal zone, and a few extend beyond the white pulp to terminate in the red pulp (Dijkstra and Veerman, 1990; Schmidt et al., 1985a). Histology Guide ; Lymphoid; T-lymphocytes And The Thymus; Lymphoid tissue: T-lymphocytes and the Thymus. Hematopoietic cells are prevalent in the red pulp of the mouse. Low magnification view (rat) ©RVC 2008. In the foetus the spleen also has a role in haematopoiesis when it becomes the main erythrocyte producing organ during the haematopoietic … Erythrocytes percolate through the marginal zone (MZ). (1988) or Schmidt et al. The PALS are sparsely populated by T-cells, particularly the inner PALS (IP). The usual ones that are screened by histology for this purpose, would include about 30 tissues. By continuing to browse Lesions of this important component of the immune system may center on the red pulp, the white pulp or involve both compartments The spleen is the site of … Note that the marginal sinus (MS) is sometimes obscured in the mouse as opposed to the rat where it is more readily apparent (see Figure 6). The splenic artery also differs among species. It appears basophilic due to the large number of nuclei. venous sinuses, bypassing the reticular meshw. This organ is active in children, but at the start of puberty, until old age, it starts to atrophy, producing fewer T-cells. Blood enters the spleen at the hilus via the splenic artery. By newly established methods of double or triple immunostainings, time-kinetics of the following parameters were studied and compared: (1) the antigen, (2) the specific antibody-forming cells (AFC) directed to the fluorescein-isothiocyanate determinant, (3) proliferating cells labeled with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and (4) macrophage subpopulations recognized by monoclonal antibodies (ED2 and ED3). The spleens of SCID mice are smaller than those of wild-type mice and all three regions of the white pulp contain few lymphocytes but do contain macrophages (Custer et al., 1985). There are two types of lymphocyte called B- and -lymphocytes.T-lymphocytes are born in the bone-marrow and matured in the .B-lymphocytes are involved in the antibody response. Hematopoietic cells are prevalent in the red pulp of the mouse. Comment: The presence of a small amount of intracytoplasmic pigment within the splenic red pulp macrophages is a common background finding in rodents. Relativ e to the rat (see Figure 2), the mouse spleen typically has a slightly blue tint due to the increased amounts of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the red pulp. The PALS are sparsely populated by T-cells, particularly the inner PALS (IP). Spleen Histology. The B-cell follicle (F), marginal zone (MZ), and red pulp (RP) are relatively normal. C57Bl/6 mouse. The reticular fibers are composed of collagenous and elastic fibers, microfibrils, reticular cell basal laminae, and unmyelinated adrenergic nerve fibers (Saito et al., 1988). A = central artery, T = trabeculus, H = hilus. The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ in the body. Format: Tips on citation download: Download … Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions, If you have access to journal content via a university, library or employer, sign in here, Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. A large necrotic focus is present within the splenic red pulp, with focal areas of associated hemorrhage … MS = marginal sinus, OP = outer PALS, A = central artery. In dogs, the spleen increases in weight during the first 6 months of life (HoganEsch and Hahn, 2001). In general, the marginal zones are much smaller and more variable than those of the rat and the white pulp is more prominent. The Nude Rat. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. Lymphocyte numbers, however, may also decrease with age. Figure 2 Spleen - Pigment in a female Sprague-Dawley rat from a chronic study. In general, the marginal zones are much smaller and more variable than those of the rat and the white pulp is more prominent. (B) Both darkly stained erythyroid precursors and megakaryocytes are present in this higher magnification of A. Numerous references discuss the effects of aging on lymphocyte function and changes in the distribution of lymphocyte subsets. Blood vessels and their connections in rat spleen were traced over considerable distances by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts prepared by injection of minimal amounts of casting material. A detailed 3d model, in 1:1 scale, of spleen with external surface relations, ligaments, blood vessels and microscopy of cut surface. Melanocytes containing melanin may be present in the spleen, particularly in black mice, usually in the trabeculae or focally in the red pulp (Ward et al., 1999). The marginal sinus (MS) of the rat and its sinus lining cells are readily apparent. Blood from the red pulp collects in the venous sinuses which enter the trabeculae and merge into the trabecular veins (Figure 9). If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Erythropoiesis in the spleen and bone marrow of the pregnant mouse. The variation between species and effects of aging and genetics on splenic morphology are also discussed. Toxic responses in humans and animals may involve the hematopoietic system directly or indirectly through injury to other body systems. However, so far, the role of CD112 in endothelial cell biology and in leukocyte trafficking has not been elucidated in vivo. 2 — Cross-section of the spleen. Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. (The red pulp filters the blood)
Average of 12 cm long, 7cm high and 4 cm thick. B6C3F1 mouse, female, 20 weeks old. The size of the thymus, but not the spleen, is rescued by AAV9-SMN. C57Bl/6 mouse. At the end of the experiment, the rats' thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes were removed, processed, and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Altered cellular immune responses are owing to a lack of appropriate development and education of functional T-cell (thymus-derived) lymphocytes. It is adjacent to the greater curvature of the stomach and within the omentum. In the WP, … Relative to the rat (see Figure 2), the mouse spleen typically has a slightly blue tint due to the increased amounts of extramedullary hematopoiesis in the red pulp. Thymus and spleen are represented in red, while lymph nodes are color coded in green. PMID: 5752783 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(68)90045-6 No abstract available. Stem cells today are universal tools not limited to body systems but defined on the basis of the environmental and humoral factors that dictate their direction of differentiation. Macrophages with intracytoplasmic golden-brown pigment (arrow) are focally present within the splenic white pulp. - Case examples. Hemorrhage is a leading cause of death following traumatic injuries in the United States. leaf sap is spotted on the plate covered with a blood-gelatine suspension. The red pulp is the site of blood filtering, iron metabolism and removal of bacteria from the blood by macrophages. In the DEX plus selenium-treated animals, maximum effects were observed on the increment in the thymic cortex (P=0.001), the outer cortex of the lymph nodes (P=0.012), and the splenic follicles (P=0.018) in comparison with the DEX group. The congenitally athymic nude rat (rnu/rnu) is a genetic mutant found in Rattus norvegicus characterized by a severe alteration in the cell-mediated branch of immunity (CMI). becula.jpg. This serves as a system of filters that remove damaged cells, microorganisms, and particulate matter, and deliver antigens to the immune system. Figure 4 White Pulp. Trabeculae & erythrocytes (rat) ©RVC 2008. H&E stain. They are lined by loose network of endothelial cells which sit on a basement membrane that is sandwiched between the endothelial cells and reticular fibers of the red pulp (Saito et al., 1988). The cellularity and size of the red pulp is also reduced. C57Bl/6 mouse. Mouse … spleen-histology-capsule-of-spleen-splenic-cords-red-pulp-white-pulp-tra. Thymus and spleen are represented in red, while lymph nodes are color coded in green. Results: Through sequencing of mouse spleen transcriptome, 121 differentially expressed genes were selected. 2—Cross-section of the spleen. 2. Cd-induced immune alterations, which may compromise host defense against pathogenic microorganisms and homeostatic reparative activities, stress this metal as an important health hazard. - Normal anatomy and imaging of the spleen. (1) Background. 1968 Oct;18(4):331-53. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(68)90045-6. Nude rats are uniquely capable of handling an increased tumor burden without overt distress, and the additional body size allows therapeutic intervention more easily than in a nude mouse. Our comprehensive findings indicate that Dodonaea viscosa is valuable and widespread herbal medicines through therapeutic potentials for curing various ailments. Therapeutic data for anti-neoplastic studies are presented in terms of (1) increased lifespan reflected by the relative median survival time of treated verses control groups (%treated/control); (2) cures; or (3) relative median times (in days) for the treated and control groups to grow tumors of a predetermined target size. In order to explore the reasons, we performed RNA sequencing on three groups of Edrnrbm1yzcm and wild-type mice, and we found that upregulated genes were significantly enriched in the Hippo signaling pathway. SCID mice are homozygous for the Prkdcscid mutation, a mutation in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) (Perryman, 2004; Seymour et al., 2006). The follicles have larger lymphocytes at the follicular center which is surrounded by a mantle zone or corona composed of small to medium lymphocytes (Ward et al., 1999). Genetic mutations in rats and mice, either spontaneous or engineered, resulting in immunodeficiency markedly affect the morphology of the spleen. The amount of hemosiderin present in the spleen tends to increase with age in both rodents and dogs (HoganEsch and Hahn, 2001; Losco, 1992; Van Rees et al., 1996) and, in mice, is more prevalent in females than males (Ward et al., 1999). ... Additionally, several manifestations of organ failures have no clear equivalences in rodents and humans (e.g., mental status). An introduction to the histology of the thymus, as presented by the University of Rochester Pathology IT Program. The volume and volume density of theses organs were estimated by stereology. Human splenic secondary follicles comprise three zones: a germinal centre, a mantle zone and a superficial zone. Capsule - dense connective tissue enclosing the organ. Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. To address this functional link, we studied CRIP1 expression in immune cells in relation to BP using a human cohort study and hypertensive mouse models. Irregularly spaced trabeculae of smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue emanate from the capsule into the splenic parenchyma (Figure 10). The marginal zone metallophilic macrophages can occasionally be seen on the PALS side of the marginal sinus. The spleen sits in the peritoneal cavity on high under the rib cage on the left side. It is continuous with vessels that feed the capillary beds of the PALS and follicles and is lined by MADCAM1+, sinus-lining endothelial cells (Mebius and Kraal, 2005). Login failed. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. In the presented method, the mashed alfalfa pulp is used instead of sap. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet ( http://www.goreni.org/ ). Red & white Pulp (rat) ©RVC 2008. It is shown that the width of haemolytic ring does not depend on the sample weight ranging from 20 to 100 mg. It is surrounded by a capsule from which fibrous trabeculae emerge. Figure 2 demonstrates the poor morphology of a poorly frozen mouse spleen, stained using hematoxylin and eosin. Therefore, it is important that professionals develop newer systems to assess the subtle, morphologic changes in blood that suggest that the hematopoietic system is under stress before cellular levels are above or below normal ranges. In the subcapsular region of mouse spleen large anastomosing veins ramify over the surface, with reticular meshwork occupying extensive areas between adjacent veins. (B, G–J) The histology of the thymus (4X, H&E) was considerably improved with complete rescue of the cortex to medulla ratio (Cortex is the outer dark-stained layer while the medulla is the inner … Shotgun Histology Spleen; Search Go. Megakaryocyte & macrophages … Iron from the hemoglobin of phagocytized erythrocytes is converted to hemosiderin for storage in the spleen. Ceroid and lipofuscin derived from oxidation of lipids is also typically found in the spleen, though they are less abundant than hemosiderin (Ward et al., 1999). In an attempt to reveal the role of antigen-laden marginal metallophil (MM) and other macrophages in the intrasplenic immune response of a specific B-cell lineage to a thymus-independent type-2 antigen (Ficoll conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate), simultaneous immunohistological observations of the involved cells were performed in the rat. Erythropoiesis in the spleen and bone marrow of the pregnant mouse Dev Biol. Histology Guide; Lymphoid; Spleen; Lymphoid: Spleen. In dogs, hematopoietic tissue is present in the spleen in pathologic conditions such as neoplasia and anemia, but may be present in the absence of underlying disease (HoganEsch and Hahn, 2001). Methods: The marginal zone blends into the red pulp. The periarterial lymphatic sheath and lymphatic nodules are highly developed, containing an abundance of capillaries which terminate in the marginal sinus (MS) and marginal zone (MZ). Pigment can be hemosiderin, … Dodonaea viscosa L. Jacq. Higher magnification view of the white pulp from Figure 4. Species variation in the structure and morphology of the venous sinuses forms the basis for the classification of spleens into two groups, sinusal spleens and nonsinusal spleens (Schmidt et al., 1985a). A combination of imaging features spanning various modalities can help in the diagnosis and characterization of these entities. Any advise please? 11.-NIH Nude rat, 9 weeks old. (C) The cytomorphological features of the malignant lymphocytes includes … MHS 212 Spleen. In conclusion, CRIP1-positive circulating and splenic monocytes seem to play an important role in hypertension related inflammatory processes through endogenous hormones such as Ang II. The marginal zone is an important transit area for cells leaving the blood stream and entering white pulp. (B, G–J) The histology of the thymus (4X, H&E) was considerably improved with complete rescue of the cortex to medulla ratio (Cortex is the outer dark-stained layer while the medulla is the inner … Cysteine rich protein 1 (CRIP1) is highly expressed in immune cells, and CRIP1 mRNA expression in monocytes associates with blood pressure (BP) and is upregulated by proinflammatory modulation suggesting a link between CRIP1 and BP regulation through the immune system. G = germinal center, F = follicle, A = central artery, P = PALS, MS = marginal sinus, MZ = marginal zone, RP = red pulp. Relative to the mouse spleen, the rat spleen has a larger and more uniform marginal zone (MZ) and a more pronounced marginal sinus region (MS). Complete phenotypic analysis of all of these models can benefit from histologic review of the tissues. Create a link to share a read only version of this article with your colleagues and friends. the degree of distension; nonetheless, spleen weights. This book is aimed at veterinary and medical pathologists who … Red and pulpy
The red pulp consist of blood vessels. 39 Overall, when transplantation was undertaken in these mice during the newborn … Diagram of Mouse Thymus, Spleen and Lymph Nodes The diagram below shows the locations of various lymphoid tissues in the mouse. In rats, the marginal zone comprises up to 28% of the splenic volume and is the largest B-cell region in the spleen (Dijkstra and Veerman, 1990; Schmidt et al., 1993). 2. The histopathology of the human spleen can only be properly interpreted with sufficient knowledge of the structure of the normal spleen. EMAP • Human Genetics Unit • Medical Research Council Tel: +44(0)131 332 2471 • emap@emouseatlas.org http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav, http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav. The splenic … In dogs, there are very few capillaries within the PALS, as opposed to rats and mice where the PALS have abundant capillaries (Schmidt et al., 1983, 1985a, 1985b, 1993). Spleen. The nude rat model has demonstrated value for many areas of biomedical research. The trabecular veins then converge at the hilus to form the splenic vein which drains into the hepatic portal system. The e-mail addresses that you supply to use this service will not be used for any other purpose without your consent. What is the Spleen, and what does it do? Figure 2 Spleen, Red pulp - Extramedullary hematopoiesis, Increased in a treated male B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study (higher … The spleen of mice and rats exhibits an additional well-delineated B-cell compartment, the marginal zone, between white and red pulp. In the dog, lymphocytes first appear in the spleen at gestation day 52, while the rodent spleen contains little or no white pulp at birth (HoganEsch and Hahn, 2001; Van Rees et al., 1996). spleen. —This high magnification of the spleen is from a B6C3F1 mouse with increased extramedullary hematopoiesis. Overall, our results identify CD112 as a regulator of angiogenic processes in vivo and demonstrate a novel role for CD112 in T cell entry into the spleen. For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. While all the potential functions of the marginal zone metallophilic macrophages are not known, the marginal zone macrophages are important in clearance of microorganisms and viruses. The capsule and trabeculae of dogs contains more smooth muscle than that of mice and rats, so the spleens of rodents do not contract as rapidly and tend to vary less in their gross appearance (Valli et al., 2002). The normal histology, anatomy, function, and histopathology of the spleen has been reviewed (Cesta, 2006; Suttie, 2006). C57Bl/6 mouse. The spleen is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body, and is found between stomach and diaphragm. The normal histology, anatomy, function, and histopathology of the spleen has been reviewed (Cesta, 2006; Suttie, 2006). Blood entering the marginal sinus and marginal zone percolates through the marginal zone in the direction of the red pulp. Some society journals require you to create a personal profile, then activate your society account, You are adding the following journals to your email alerts, Did you struggle to get access to this article? G = germinal center, F = follicle, A = central artery, P = PALS, MS = marginal sinus, MZ = marginal zone, RP = red pulp. becula.jpg ... liver and spleen mouse tissue). Normal Spleen2.1. To fulfill this function, the spleen is equipped with the white and red pulp with a specific structure of blood circulation. When one then attempts to make frozen sections for use in histology or immunohistochemistry, the tissue will look “broken” and shattered with spaces where antibodies will congeal contributing to non-specific background. The impact of demographic and environmental factors on tolerance to hemorrhage is also reviewed. As a novel finding, the majority of AFC, both BrdU-positive and -negative, were either closely associated with the antigen-laden MM, or forming cell clusters with ED2-positive macrophages in the outer PALS. This review describes the different compartments of the spleen as well … Cadmium (Cd) has been listed as one of the most toxic substances affecting numerous tissues/organs, including the immune system. Recent in vitro studies suggested that CD112 regulates human endothelial cell migration and proliferation as well as transendothelial migration of leukocytes. Histologic findings in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were remarkably uniform, consisting of lymphopenia, a rudimentary thymic medulla without cortex, relatively empty splenic follicles and lymph nodes, and undeveloped bronchial and gastrointestinal lymphocytic foci. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the minipig used in nonclinical safety studies. 9.—F344/N rat, male, 12 weeks old. Spleen size in children and splenomegaly. Instead, the WP of the spleen functions as the SLO of the circulatory system, similar to how LNs drain and monitor antigens from tissues. The spleen in dogs is able to expand to store large numbers of erythrocytes, but it is also capable of rapid contraction. 1968 Oct;18(4):331-53. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(68)90045-6. The outer ring of the marginal sinus is composed of marginal zone macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells, and reticular cells and blends with the red pulp (RP). The difference, however, is not uniformly present and is generally very subtle and difficult to detect by light microscopy (Stefanski et al., 1990). A = central artery, T = trabeculus, H = hilus.

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